Energy for Sustainability, Second Edition

Preface
Acknowledgments

Section I: Energy Patterns and Trends

Chapter 1: The Energy Imperative and Patterns of Use
1.1 Our Energy Dilemma
1.2 Historical Perspective: Energy and Civilization
1.3 Global Energy Supply and Consumption
1.3.1 Explosive Growth of Energy as Developing World Begins to Catch Up
1.3.2 Continuing Dependency on Oil and Fossil Fuels
1.4 U.S. Energy Supply and Consumption
1.4.1 U.S. Energy Independence? Production Up, Consumption Flat, Imports Down
1.4.2 U.S. Energy Cleaner, More Efficient, More Independent Since 2007, but a Long Way to Go
1.5 Summary
1.5.1 Sustainable Energy: Improve Efficiency, Reduce Carbon, Replace Oil

Chapter 2: Energy Sources and Sustainability
2.1 Criteria for Sustainable Energy
2.2 Resource Limits of Fossil Fuels
2.2.1 Peak Oil Debate Revisited: Will the Peak Be Driven by Production or Consumption?
2.2.2 Natural Gas: Shale Gas Technology Extends Future Supplies but for How Long?
2.2.3 Coal More Plentiful but Constrained by Environmental Impacts
2.3 Environmental Limits of Fossil Fuels
2.3.1 Climate Change and Energy
2.3.2 Local and Regional Air Pollution
2.3.3 Fuel Extraction, Transport, and Other Impacts
2.4 Nuclear Power: Once Great Hope, Now in Decline
2.5 The Transition to Clean Energy Is Happening: Efficiency and Renewables
2.5.1 Energy Efficiency Is Making a Difference with More on the Way
2.5.2 Renewable Energy Growing Fast but Still Small Contribution
2.6 Summary

Chapter 3: Energy Futures
3.1 The Complexities of Our Changing Energy System
3.2 Planning and Visioning the Future
3.2.1 Projections and Forecasts
3.2.2 Technology Roadmaps
3.2.3 Needs Assessment and Solution Wedges
3.2.4 Developing Scenarios
3.3 Officialdom’s Vision of Our Energy Future: U.S. EIA and IEA Outlooks
3.3.1 U.S. EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2017: BAU
3.3.2 EIA International Energy Outlook
3.3.3 IEA World Energy Outlook 2016 Central Case
3.4 Future Energy Scenarios: Different Assumptions, Different Pathways, Different Futures
3.4.1 IEA’s WEO 2015: Visions of Desired Future Conditions
3.4.2 IPCC/UNFCCC Future Scenarios
3.5 Possible Energy Futures: Roadmaps to Sustainable Energy
3.5.1 Amory Lovins’s Reinventing Fire
3.5.2 NREL Renewables Futures Study: 80% Renewable U.S. Electricity by 2050
3.5.3 Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States
3.5.4 The 100% Solution Project: Wind, Water, and Sun Can Do It All
3.6 Show Me the Money! Energy Market Forces and Investment Scenarios
3.6.1 Energy Investment and Divestment
3.6.2 Citigroup Forecast: Energy Darwinism II
3.6.3 BNEF Energy Outlook
3.7 Summary

Section II: Energy Fundamentals

Chapter 4: Energy Fundamentals

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basics of Energy Science
4.2.1  Introduction to the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
4.2.2  A Word About Units
4.2.3  The Distinction Between Energy and Power
4.3 Mechanical Energy
4.3.1  Potential and Kinetic Energy
4.3.2  Pressure Energy
4.3.3  Rotational Energy
4.4 Thermal Energy
4.4.1  Temperature
4.4.2 Internal Energy, Thermal Capacitance
4.4.3  Solids, Liquids, and Gases
4.5 Electrical Energy
4.5.1  Electric Current
4.5.2  Voltage
4.5.3  The Concept of an Electrical Circuit
4.5.4  Electrical Power and Energy
4.5.5  RMS Values of Currents and Voltages
4.6 Chemical Energy
4.6.1  Atoms and Molecules  
4.6.2  Stoichiometry: Mass Balance in Chemical Reactions
4.6.3  Enthalpy: The Energy Side of Chemical Reactions. 
4.7 Solar Energy
4.7.1  Electromagnetic Radiation
4.7.2  The Solar Spectrum
4.7.3  The Greenhouse effect
4.7.4  Solar Energy for Living Things
4.7.5  Food Calories
4.8 Nuclear Energy
4.8.1  The Nature of Radioactivity
4.8.2  Nuclear Fission
4.8.3  Nuclear Fusion
4.9 Summary
 
Chapter 5: Energy Analysis and Life-Cycle Assessment
5.1 Some Principles of Life-Cycle Thinking and Sustainability Analysis
5.2 Energy Analysis
5.2.1 Direct Conversion Efficiency (η)
5.2.2 Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROI)
5.2.3 Net Energy (NE) or Energy Balance
5.2.4 Energy Payback Time (EPBT)
5.3 Energy Audits, Energy Data Monitoring, and Energy Control and Management
5.3.1 Energy Audits
5.3.2 Monitoring with Energy Billing Information
5.3.3 Energy Data Logging
5.4 Economic Analysis of Energy Systems
5.4.1. Economic Value of Energy
5.4.2 Life-Cycle Costing and Time Value of Money
5.4.3 Economic Measures of Cost-Effectiveness
5.4.4 Performing Economic Analysis with Spreadsheets
5.4.5 Cost-Effectiveness and Market Penetration
5.5 Environmental Analysis of Energy and Material Systems
5.5.1 Air Pollutant and Carbon Emissions from Combustion of Fossil Fuels
5.5.2 Emission Rates for Electricity
5.5.3 Assessing Other Environmental Impacts of Energy Use
5.5.4 Calculating Your Carbon Footprint
5.6 Summary

Section III: Buildings and Energy

Chapter 6: Energy Efficiency for Buildings
6.1 Residential and Commercial Buildings
6.2 Site Energy versus Primary Energy
6.3 Introduction to Heat Loss Calculations
6.3.1 Basic Heat Transfer through the Building Envelope
6.3.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction
6.3.3 Heat Transfer by Convection
6.3.4 Radiation Heat Transfer
6.3.5 The Combined Convective-Radiative R-Value
6.4 Heat Loss through Windows
6.4.1 Single-Pane Window Analysis
6.4.2 Discomfort and Condensation Problems with Cold Windows
6.4.3 Improving the R-Value of Windows
6.4.4 Center-of-Glass R-Values and Edge Effects
6.5 Heat Loss through Walls, Ceilings, and Floors
6.5.1 Walls
6.5.2 Ceilings and Roofs
6.5.3 Floors
6.6 Heat Loss Due to Infiltration
6.6.1 Estimating Infiltration Rate (Blower-Door Approach)
6.6.2 How Tight Is "Too Tight" for Healthful Indoor Air Quality?
6.7 The Overall Heat Loss Factor
6.8 Let's Size a Furnace
6.9 Annual Cost of Heating
6.9.1 Internal Gains
6.9.2 Heating and Cooling Degree-Days
6.9.3 Annual Heating Load
6.10 Impacts of Improving Efficiency
6.11 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
6.11.1 Forced-Air Central Heating Systems
6.11.2 Hydronic Systems
6.11.3 Compressive Air Conditioners
6.12 Heat Pumps
6.12.1 Geothermal Heat Pumps
6.12.2 Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps
6.13 Summary

Chapter 7: Solar Energy for Buildings: Approaching Zero Net Energy
7.1 The Solar Resource
7.1.1 Solar Angles to Help Us Design Overhangs
7.1.2 Sun Path Diagrams
7.1.3 Shadow Diagrams
7.1.4 Shadow Diagrams for Architectural Modeling
7.2 Energy-Efficient Building Design Strategies
7.2.1 The Importance of Building Orientation
7.2.2 South-Facing Windows for Solar Gains
7.3 Cooling Loads
7.3.1 Avoiding Cooling Loads
7.3.2 Better Windows to Reduce Cooling and Lighting Loads
7.3.3 Simple Cooling Calculations
7.3.4 Dehumidification
7.3.5 Human Comfort
7.4 Passive Solar Heating
7.4.1 A "Sun-Tempered" House
7.4.2 The Importance of Thermal